冷战时期美国计算机管制政策转变研究

中图分类号：D83/87;K153

文献标识码：A

文章编号：2095-6916（2026）10-0055-06

A Study of the Transformation of U. S. Computer Control Policies during the Cold War

Chen Sifan

（College of History and Culture， Bohai University， Jinzhou ）

Abstract： In the 1960s， the rapid advancement of computer technology made it a central area of high-tech competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. This paper argues that the United States， through the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls （COCOM）， imposed multilateral restrictions on technology transfer to the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries in order to maintain its strategic advantage. In the early Cold War， the United States imposed an embargo on strategic materials against the socialist bloc through COCOM. With scientific and technological progress， Britain and France leveraged COCOM's "administrative exception" provision to export computer technology to the Soviet bloc， creating friction with the United States over export control policies. Meanwhile， American export control policy gradually shifted toward restricting high-tech exports. In 1974， the U.S. strengthened computer controls through NSDM 247 and upgraded this policy into a multilateral mechanism by leveraging its dominance over COCOM. As a core instrument of economic containment during the Cold War， the dynamic adjustment of high-tech export controls reflects the United States' balancing act between pursuing its global strategic interests and managing its alliances. This provides an important perspective for understanding technological power competition within the framework of international political economy.

Keywords： the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls （COCOM）; export control; economic Cold War; computer trade; the United States

冷战时期，以美国为引领的西方资本主义势力与以苏联为核心的社会主义集团展开了激烈角逐。（剩余10609字）