牛奶过敏的免疫机制及低致敏乳制品研发进展

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【关键词】 牛奶过敏；免疫机制；低致敏乳制品；免疫耐受；肠道菌群

【 Abstract】Cow’s milk allrgy（CMA）is one of the most common food alergies in infants and young children，exerting significantimpactsonpediatrichealth，nutritionalintakeandqualityoflife.Itspathogenesismainlyinvolvesaberantimmune responses inducedbyalergeniccomponentssuch aswhey proteinsandcaseins，including T helper 2（Th2） polarization， immunoglobulinE （IgE）-mediatedreactions，andactivationof effctorcels.Impairmentof epithelial barrerfunctioand dysbiosis of thegut microbiota further promotediseaseprogression.RegulatoryTcelsplayacentralroleinmaintainingoral immunetolerance，and insuficiencyintheir numberor function isconsideredanimportant immunologicalbasis forthe persistenceofCMA.Currentmanagementstrategiesareprimarilybasedonfoodavoidanceandtheuseof extensivelyhydrolyzed formulasoraminoacid-basedformulas.Meanwhile，emerging interventionssuchashumanmilkoligosaccharides，probiotics，and proteinmodification are being explored toreduce alergenicityandpromote immune tolerance.Thisreviewsystematically summarizes the immunological mechanismsofCMAandrecentadvances inthedevelopmentof hypoalergenicdairyproducts， aimingto provideatheoreticalbasisforthesafeandefectivedevelopmentofhypoalergenicdairyproductsandfor individualized，precision managementofCMA，thereby improvinglong-term prognosis and qualityoflife inaffectedchildren.

【 Key words 】 Cow's milk allergy; Immune mechanisms; Hypoallergenic dairy products; Immune tolerance;Gut microbiota

牛奶过敏（cow'smilkallergy，CMA）是儿童中最常见的食物过敏类型之一，见于 2%～6% 的婴幼儿［]。（剩余23335字）