摘 要：英语中分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语。（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称之为独立主格。其中with/without引导的独立主格结构很富有表现力，在句子中作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因、结果等。

关键词：独立主格；从句

独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。今天是星期天，你不必去上学。

1.原因从句：

Because it is Sunday，you needn’t go to school.

It being Sunday， you needn’t go to school.（√）

分词，逻辑上的主语。

（It being Sunday构成独立主格结构在句子中作原因状语。）

Being Sunday，you needn't go to school. （×）

（因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。）

官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。

分词表示：

All the officials having arrived， the meeting was declared open.

“the officials”为分词逻辑上的主语。

2.时间状语从句：

After （when） all the officials had arrived，the meeting was declared open.

天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。

分词表示：

Weather permitting， we’ll go to the Summer Palace.

“Weather”为分词“permitting”逻辑上的主语。

3.条件状语从句：

If weather permits， we’ll go to the Summer Palace.

All the work done， you can have a rest.

“the work”为分词逻辑上的主语。

=All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。

现着重将with/without引导的独立主格结构作一概括。它不是句子而是短语，其结构为：with+名词/代词+介词短语/形容词/副词+名词/非谓语动词。

1.with+名词（代词）+介词短语：

He sat there thinking，with his chin on his hand.

他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。

The old man stood there，with his back against the wall.

那位老人背倚着墙站在那里。

Mary was sitting near the fire，with her back towards the door.

玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

2.with+名词（代词）+形容词：

He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open.

他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。

The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.

这人抬起头来，眼里充满了好奇。

He stood there trembling，with his face red with cold.

他站在那儿瑟瑟发抖，脸都冻红了。

3.with+名词（代词）+副词：

With production up by 60%，the company has had another excellent year.

产量上升了60%， 公司又是一个好年景。

The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on.

这位愚蠢的皇帝一丝不挂地行进在游行队伍中。

The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down.

这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。

He put on his socks with the wrong side out.

他把袜子穿反了。

4.with+名词（代词）+名词：

She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion.

她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。

He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.

他去世的时候，女儿还是个中学生。

5.with+名词（代词）+现在分词：

She stood there chatting with her friend，with her child playing beside her.

她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。

With you helping me whenever I’m in trouble， I feel very obliged to you.

无论我什么时候遇到困难你总是帮助我，真是太感激你了。

6.with+名词（代词）+过去分词：

“I think we can leave with our heads held high，”Eriksson said.“We came out of the toughest group，beat Argentina，beat Denmark in a convincing way.”

“我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。“我们来自死亡之组，以一种令人信服的方式击败了阿根廷，击败了丹麦。”

The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare.

这位守门员离开了日本，而他的缺点却暴露无遗。

7.with+名词（代词）+不定式：

With 10 minutes to go，you’d better hurry.

还有十分钟，你最好快一点。

With you to lead us，our group is sure to succeed.

有你领导我们，我们组肯定能成功。

参考文献

[1]A History of Grammar[M].Nanjing People’s Press，1983.

[2]English Chinese Translation Text books in China[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Educational Press，2005.